miércoles, 27 de febrero de 2008

Active / Passive

-ACTIVE / SIMPLE PRESENT:
Subject + verb in simple form + complemet (object)

PASSIVE:
Object + am / is / are + verb in past participle + by + subject

Example:
Pasive = Is Italian spoken in your country?
Yes / No


-ACTIVE / SIMPLE PAST:
Subject + verb in simple pas + complement (object)

PASSIVE:
Object + was / were + verb in past participle + by + subject

Example:
Passive = Was cien años de soledad written by Carlos Fuestes?


-ACTIVE / PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:
Subject + am / is / are + verb with ing + complement (object)

PASSIVE:
Object + am / is / are + being + verb in past participle + by + subject

Example:
Passive = Is a new subway line being built this year?
No, it isn´t.


-ACTIVE / PRESENT PERFECT:
Subject + have / has + verb in past participle + complement (object)

PASSIVE:
Object + have / has + been + verb in past participle + by + subject

Example:
Passive = Has your birthday been celebrate by your family?


-ACTIVE / FUTURE:
Subject + will / won´t + ver in simple form + complement (object)

PASSIVE:
Object + will / won´t + be + verb in past participle + by + subject

Example:
Passive = Will peseras be replaced by metro bus in the future?
Yes, they will.

Passives

*ACTIVE:
Subject + verb + complement

*PASSIVE:
Complement (Object) + is / are + verb in past participle + by + subject


°Examples:
1.- ACTIVE = W. Sh. wrote Romeo and Juliet.
PASSIVE= Romeo and Juliet was written by W. Sh.

2.- ACTIVE = People grow bananas in Tabasco.
PASSIVE = Bananas are grown in Tabasco.

3.- ACTIVE = Japanese women wear kimonos.
PASSIVE = Kimonos are worn by Japanese women.

4.- ACTIVE = Engineers are building a new subway line this year.
PASSIVE = A new subway line is being built this year.

5.- ACTIVE = They have change the meeting.
PASSIVE = The meeting has been changed.

6.- ACTIVE = Gaby has found the missing file.
PASSIVE = The missing file has been found by Gaby.

7.- ACTIVE = They make wine from the fermented juice of grapes.
PASSIVE = Wine is made from the fermented juice of grapes.

8.- ACTIVE = The pour the juice into bottles.
PASSIVE = The juice is poured into bottles.

9.- ACTIVE = They distribute the bottles throught the country.
PASSIVE = The bottles are distributed throught the country.

10.- ACTIVE = People have tried this delicious juice.
PASSIVE = This delicious juice has been tried.

Vocabulary: Unit 10 "Price"

-How long...? = por cuanto tiempo
-shares = acciones
-remain steady = estable
-reach a peak = alcanzar el punto más alto
-sharply = bruscamente
-insurance = aseguradora
-stolen = robado
-clerical = de oficina, administrativo
-deal with = tratar con..
-underwriter = aseguradores
-quote = estimado / cotización
-injured = heridos
-claim = asegurar / demandar
-terms = términos
-opt out = rechazar
-screens =seleccionar
-withdraw = retirar
-wine = vino

Present perfect

°AFFIRMATIVE:
Subject + have + verb in past participle + complement
(I, we, you, they)

Subject + has + verb in past participle + complement
(she, he, it)



°NEGATIVE:
Subject + have not + verb in past participle + complement
(I, we, you, they)

Subject + has not + verb in past participle + complement
(she, he, it)


°INTERROGATIVE:
Have + subject + verb in past participle + complement + ?
Answer = No, subject + have

Has + subject + verb in past participle + complement + ?
Answer = Yes, subject + hasn´t


*EXAMPLES:
-Spending on food has fallen for many year and continues to drop.
-I´ve studied English for 2 years.
-I´ve studied English since 2006.
-In the last month prices have increased by 12 per cent.
-In the last days, we started a new semester.
-In the last four semesters we have taken Business English.
-How long have you studied English?


*NOTE: For present perfect, we can use this words:
-Recently.
-In recent years.

Exercise "Guerrilla marketing"

Hold a competition:

How could you advertise the competition?
Answer.- We could advertise the competition by stands, into university; we put details on the website for they know about the competition.


What prize could you offer that would attract a lot of students to enter?
Answer.- We could gve money:
-First place = 10,000 dlls
-Second place = 5,000 dlls
-Third place = 1,000 dlls


What exactly should people do to win the competition?
Answer.- They have to make an advertise plan to the mobile phone.

Excercise of modals of obligations

°Have to = algo dicho desde el principio / es una obligación.

°Should = Cuando se dice algo en el momento.

°Must = Es una regla personal.



EXCERCISE 1.- Complete this sentences so that they true for your country. Use have to, don´t have to and must not.


1.- You don´t have carry a gun.

2.-You have to pay to use buses and trams.

3.- You have to vote if you are over 18.

4.- You must not drink alcohol at work.

5.- You have to pay to drive on a motorway.

6.- You don´t have to declare income earned abroad.

7.-You have to wear a seat belt when driving a car.



EXCERCISE 2.- Complete this sentences so that they are true for your job situacion. Use have to, don´t have to and must not.

1.- You must not take home company equipment.

2.- You have to wear a badge.

3.- You must not wear a tie, if you are a man.

4.- You must not wear jeans at work.

5.- You have to clock in when you arrive.

6.- You have to wear a dress or a suit, if you are a woman.

Modals of obligations

*ADVICE as are: You should / You shouldn´t... (stronger)
You must / You musn´t... (very stronger)
Examples: You should talk to our accounts manager - she can help you.
You musn´t leave London without visiting the Tower!


*PERSONAL RULE as are: Must / musn´t
Example: I must try to get to work earlier.


*GENERAL RULE as are: Have to
Example: Do you have to have a visa to travel to Russia?


*NECESSARY as are: Need to
Example: We need to plan our next sales conference soon.


*NOT NECESSARY as are: Don´t have to / don´t need to
Examples: You don´t have to have a visa for the UK.
You don´t need to write a letter - you can phone.


*NOT ALLOWED as is: Musn´t
Example: You musn´t leave your car in front of the hotel - it´s a no parking area!

Vocabulary: Unit 9 "Selling"

°boost = estímulo / impulso
°debt = deuda
°high-earning = altos ingresos
°packaging = envoltura
°rewards = premios
°heading = encabezado
°summary = resumen
°pay off = rembolsar
°spending power = poder adquisitivo
°worth = valor
°wireless = inalámbrico
°brochures = folletos
°instead = en lugar de
°not allowed = no está permitido
°currencies = grandes denominaciones
°approach = acercarse / aproximarse
°appeals = que les agrade ó les guste
°stress = enfatizar
°quite = bastante
°outgoing = disponibilidad
°insiders = infiltrados
°hold = organizar
°trends = tendencias
°range = surtido / gama
°dropped = reducir
°path = camino / sendero
°chain stores = cadena de tiendas
°rising = subieron / aumentaron
°heating = calefacción
°profitability = rentabilidad

Exercise of the article: Hard to reach

Marketers to use a lot of methods of selling to promote their products and services and close them to their potential consumers.

A lot of make up companies employ sales representatives and give them catalogues to get more customers.

Vocabulary of the article: Hard to reach

*retailers = minorista / detallista
*through = a través de..
*media = medios de comunicación
*advertise = anunciar
*sponsor = patrocinador / promotor
*bilboards = espectacular (anuncio)
*sponsorship = patrocinio
*press = prensa (unión de periódico y revista)
*gifts = regalos / obsequios
*reach = llegar a... / alcanzar